MapReduceTheoryandPractice.pptVIP

MapReduceTheory and Practice /~course/cs402/2010/ 彭波 pb@ 北京大学信息科学技术学院 7/15/2010 Last Course Review Quiz Data The term data refers to groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of datum, which is seldom used) are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived. Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols, that are unprocessed. Bit 位（英语：Bit），亦称二 进制位，指二进制中的一位，是信息的最小单位。Bit是Binary digit（二 进制数位）的缩写 假设一事件以A或B的方式发生，且A、B发生的概率相等，都为0.5，则一个二进位可用来代表A或B之一。 例如： 二进位可以用来表示一个简单的正负 有两种状态的开关(如电灯开关) 晶体管的通断 某根导线上电压的有无 一个抽像的逻辑上的是否 Byte 字节，英文名称是Byte。Byte是Binary Term的 缩写。一个字节代表八个比特。它是通常被作为计算机信息计量单位，不论被存储数据的类型为何。 History of “Information” Latin origin: a representation implanted in the mind- idea Language and Coding：hide information in messages and then decode them。 莫尔斯电码 Mathematics: Shannon在channel transmission工作中，定义了一个message所包含的信息量为它在source中出现概率的log2 ，单位为’bits’。 Logic and linguistics：communication-oriented sense of information涉及到semantic meaning语义, knowledge知识 Society：information as something that is contained in the message used to inform. “information is the tennis ball of communication” “We are living in exponential times “ Information Overloading Political theorist Neil Postman spoke to the German Informatics Society in 1990, claiming that we are informing ourselves to death.? He argued that the development of computer technology is not as positive as it has been heralded to be.? With our focus on technology, we are forfeiting our humanity.? We are drowning in information that contains empty promises of improving our lives. (Postman 1990). 怎样应对信息过载？ What’s matter with ME?! What you want to do with