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c h p t e r5 - g的s -伯克利城市学院（ c h a p t e r5- g a s e s- berkeley city college）.doc

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c h p t e r5 - g的s -伯克利城市学院（ c h a p t e r5- g a s e s- berkeley city college）

CHAPTER 5 - GASES Properties of Gases Gas has no fixed shape or volume; It contains particles (atoms or molecules) separated by distances very much larger than the particle size; Gases are compressible and expandable due to plenty of empty spaces between molecules; Inter-particles attractions in gases are negligible; Particles are constantly moving and colliding especially with container walls; Collisions of particles with surfaces result in pressure. __________________________________________________________________________ 5.1 PRESSURE Pressure is defined as force per unit area; Pressure = ; (P = F/A) Force = mass x acceleration. If mass in kg and acceleration in m/s2, force = kg.m/s2 = Newton (N) Pressure = = N/m2 = Pa (Pascal, SI unit for pressure) Atmospheric Pressure or Barometric Pressure? The atmosphere contains a mixture of gases, mainly N2 and O2. Gas molecules constantly colliding with the Earth’s surface and results in the atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer, hence called barometric pressure. The first mercury barometer was invented in 1643 by an Italian scientist, Evangelista Torricelli (1608 - 1647). The first barometer was made of a meter-long glass tubing, closed at one end. Torricelli filled the tubing with mercury and then inverted it into a bowl of mercury reservoir. He found that the mercury column in the tubing only dropped to a level of about 30 inches above the mercury reservoir. He explained that the mercury column is supported by the air pressure that exerts on the surface of mercury in the bowl, thus preventing the column from completely falling into the bowl. Torricelli mainly used his barometer to determine the relationships between changes in the air pressure with the weather. Pressure may be expressed in terms of the height of a liquid column. Pressure exerted by a liquid column is directly proportional to the gravitional constant, g, the density of liquid, d, and the height o