f i r s t d r f t-tomswebpage（ f i r s t d r a f t-tomswebpage）.docVIP

COLLECTED UNPUBLISHED PAPERS Thomas R. Knapp ? 2014 In this document I have tried to put together a number of unpublished papers I wrote during the last several years. They range in length from 2 pages to 90 pages, and in complexity from easy to fairly technical. The papers are in rough chronological order, from 2004 until 2014. I think theres something in here for everybody. Feel free to download and/or print anything that you find to be of interest. Enjoy! Table of Contents Investigating the relationship between two variables3 Minus vs. divided by19 Percentages: The most useful statistics ever invented26 Significance test, confidence interval, both, or neither? 116 Random125 The all-purpose Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for two independent samples174 n180 Seven: A commentary regarding Cronbachs Coefficient Alpha206 Why is the one-group pretest-posttest design still used?212 N (or n) vs. N-1 (or n-1) revisited215 The independence of observations221 Standard errors227 Medians for ordinal scales should be letters, not numbers 230 To pool or not to pool236 Rating, ranking, or both?242 Three248 Change251 Should we give up on causality? 260 Learning statistics through finite populations and sampling without replacement 267 Two-by-two tables276 Validity? Reliability? Different terminology altogether?285 p, n, and t: Ten things you need to know291 Assessing the validity and reliability of Likert scales and Visual Analog scales 295 In support of null hypothesis significance testing 306 The unit justifies the mean314 Alpha beta soup319 Using Pearson correlations to teach or learn statistics324 Dichotomization: How bad is it? 343 Learning descriptive statistics through baseball347 p-values367 Separate variables vs. composites370 Cutoff points377 Womb mates383 Should we give up on experiments?387 Statistics without the normal distribution391 IN