hazard mitigation planning toolsand techniques（减灾规划的工具和技术）.docVIP

Hazard Mitigation Planning: Tools and Techniques I. Structural Measures A. Alteration of environment B. Strengthening Buildings and Facilities II. Non-structural Measures A. Development Management B. Information Dissemination III. Private Sector I. Structural Measures A. Alteration of environment 1. Sediment-trapping Structures a. Groins: Groins are wall-like structures, built of timber, concrete, metal sheet piling or rock, placed perpendicular to the beach to capture material drifting along the shoreline. A groin’s effectiveness in trapping sediment is primarily a factor of the length and the spacing of the groin system. The appropriate length for an effective groin depends on the dominate sediment size: shorter groins for larger grain sizes and longer groin for smaller grain size. The spacing between groins must balance being large enough to not undermine the updrift groin and being small enough to effective act as a sediment trap. b. Jetties: Jetties are wall-like structures built perpendicular to the coast to stabilize channels, inlets and outlets. While the primary function of jetties is to protect navigation channels, jetties capture sediments by restricting the movement of materials transported by longshore currents. The critical factors for channel stabilization are the width of the channel and management of sediment. Width of the channel must balance being wide enough to reduce current velocity within the channel but narrow enough to restrict shoaling. Likewise, consideration of the sediment economy plays a vital role in the long-term viability of the channel, inlet or outlet. 2. Sediment-moving Structures a. Beach nourishment: Beach nourishment is the artificial replacement and/or addition of sediment to beaches. The effectiveness of beach nourishment depends on the type of imported sand, natural slope of the beach, cross shore currents, and the frequency of storms. Consideration of natural erosional process is vital to the long-ter