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lab3–shorttermoxygencycle- city universityof new york(实验三–shorttermoxygencycle城纽约大学).doc

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lab3–shorttermoxygencycle- city universityof new york(实验三–shorttermoxygencycle城纽约大学)

COMPUTER LAB 6 EARTH SYSTEMS SCIENCE II PG251, Spring 2011 Lab 6. Data In this lab we will look at data and metadata from meteorological stations in the Russian Arctic, and do some calculations with that data in EXCEL. Part 1. Introduction 1a. Data. Data, along with theoretical analysis and modeling, is one of the cornerstones of science. Another word that is usually synonymous with data in earth and environmental sciences is “observations.” These refer to pieces of information that are obtained about something in the environment. The observation can be made using an instrument (e.g. measuring the temperature using a thermometer) or without any instrument (e.g. measuring the percentage of the sky covered with cumulus clouds by estimating it visually). A dataset is a group of data that go together. How groups of data are combined is subjective – it depends on who is organizing the data, and what the purpose is. For example, one dataset that we will use for this lab contains observations from many meteorological stations across the Russian Arctic. The data from any one of these stations could have been considered a dataset in its own right. 1b. Missing Data. In many environmental data sets, there are missing data (also called missing observations or missing values). This can occur for a number of reasons, such as instrument failure, (human) observer failure, weather conditions, etc. In the file with the data, missing data should not just be left blank. If one did so, it would be impossible for anyone looking at the data file to know whether the data are truly missing, or the data file was damaged during transmission over the internet, or someone made a typo. There is usually a “missing value” code that is used to represent missing values. The code is usually a numerical value that can not possibly be mistaken for an actual value. For example, if one has a data set of daily precipitation measured at a weather station in some town, in units of inches per

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