的性质和气候的大气灰霾（ the propertiesand climateof atmospheric haze）.docVIP

Hygroscopic aerosols 1984 BY a. dEEPAK PUBLISHING Lothars H. Ruhnke and Adarsh Deepak (Eds.) ISBN 0-937194-02-6 The Properties and Climate of Atmospheric Haze Rudolf B. Husar and Janet M. Holloway Center for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA) Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri The relationship between the haze and aerosol number concentration, mass concentration, and the resulting optical properties is examined. The number concentration is a poor index of aerosol optical properties. The fine particle mass concentration shows a remarkably high correlation coefficient with the visible light scattering coefficient, having a slope of 3.5 m/g. The spatial-temporal invariance of the mass efficiency factor is due to the relatively stable size distribution of the fine particles and also because of the weak size dependence of the mass efficiency factor. The aerosol light scattering phase function obtained by numerous investigators shows a systematic shift toward the forward angles, with increasing extinction coefficient. On the other hand, spectral extinction data show a systematic decline of wavelength dependence, with increasing bext. Both of these regularities of haze aerosol optics are consistent with the notion that with increasing bext, the characteristic aerosol size increased, causing forward shift and discoloration of the light extinction. These regularities allow estimating both the shape of the phase function and the spectral dependence of extinction once bext is established. In the second part of this review the spatial-temporal pattern of atmospheric haze is reviewed, with special emphasis on North America. The extent and limitations of visual range observations and turbidity measurements are discussed. The worst visual range is recorded over the eastern half of the United States, which also experienced the strongest increase of haziness since 1948. These observations are supported by vertical depth d