(第章计划与计划工作.pptVIP

Why Do Managers Plan? Purposes of Planning Provides direction Reduces uncertainty Minimizes waste and redundancy Sets the standards for controlling Planning and Performance The Relationship Between Planning And Performance Formal planning is associated with: Higher profits and returns on assets. Positive financial results. The quality of planning and implementation affects performance more than the extent of planning. The external environment can reduce the impact of planning on performance, Formal planning must be used for several years before planning begins to affect performance. Establishing Goals and Developing Plans Traditional Goal Setting Broad goals are set at the top of the organization. Goals are then broken into subgoals for each organizational level. Assumes that top management knows best because they can see the “big picture.” Goals are intended to direct, guide, and constrain from above. Goals lose clarity and focus as lower-level managers attempt to interpret and define the goals for their areas of responsibility. Establishing Goals and Developing Plans (cont’d) Maintaining the Hierarchy of Goals Means–Ends Chain The integrated network of goals that results from establishing a clearly-defined hierarchy of organizational goals. Achievement of lower-level goals is the means by which to reach higher-level goals (ends). SMART原则：明确的（specific）、可测量的(measurable)、行动导向的(action-oriented)、务实的(realistic)、有时间表的（time-related） Exhibit 7–6 Characteristics of Well-Designed Goals Exhibit 7–5 Steps in a Typical MBO Program Does MBO Work? Reason for MBO Success Top management commitment and involvement Potential Problems with MBO Programs Not as effective in dynamic environments that require constant resetting of goals. Overemphasis on individual accomplishment may create problems with teamwork. Allowing the MBO program to become an annual paperwork shuffle. Does MBO Work? 说明整个组织的宗旨、方向和意义，使员工更加清楚组织的目标。 因为强调结果而不是任务，因此有助于改进计划工作。 管理者在自己的职位层次上工作，而不是在比其低的层次上工作。 目标有助于公司把握