英语语法(01语法层次)解析.pptVIP

What is Grammar the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics. Oxford online dictionary Simpler put: Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the rules of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word rules, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Unit 1: Levels of English Grammar Issues of this unit: Levels of grammar units morpheme, word, phrase, clauses 学习内容预告： 本单元之后，请预习： 第4、5讲：名词和名词词组、名词属格 The subject of this course: Language system: Sound system, for phonology (音系学) Meaning system, for semantics (语义学) Rule system, for grammar study This course studies the syntactic rules. Different levels of forms in English: （Discourse Text） Sentence Clause Phrase Word Morpheme A）Morphemes (词素) English morpheme Free morpheme Bound morpheme (自由词素) (粘附词素) e.g. man friend e.g. im- -y take luck… pre- -ess … (as roots, stems，词根、词干) (as affixes，词缀) Affixes： （词缀的结构分类） 1 prefix (前缀)： pre-war, antibody, impossible 2 suffix (后缀)： careful, farmer, nicely, homely 3 infix (中缀)： foot feet, statesman 词缀的功能分类： 一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectional affix (屈折词缀)；其他如：-s -ed -est ” 另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic) ，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“one who …”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivational affix (派生词缀)” Next, let’s look more closely at some examples of stems, affixations and the