英汉语言对比全套PPT.pptxVIP

Contrastive study between Chinese and English in Grammar1. What is grammarIt refers to a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in a language. It consists of two branches: morphology and syntax .Morphology comprises two parts: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. Inflectional morphology is concerned with morphological variations that result from grammatical needs. Derivational morphology is concerned with morphological variations a means of word-building. 2.Morphological contrastive studyContrastive analysis on the level of inflectional morphology is largely a matter of constrasting the devices different languages employ to transmit grammatical meanings. These devices are usually known as “grammatical categories”, which include aspect, tense, case, gender, mood, person, class of word(parts of speech)1) Aspect in English and ChineseIn English the aspectual meaning is realized by resorting to auxiliary words and verb conjugation. Eg.They are watching TV now.(progressive)He has finished his homework. (perfect)While in Chinese, there are some particles like 着、正在、了、过，used to indicate aspect. Eg.1. progressive aspect他正等着呢，快点。她正在看电视。2. perfect aspect我写完作业了。我去过伦敦，还去过纽约。2）tense in English and ChineseIn English, tenses, like aspect, are realized by resorting to auxiliary words and verb conjugation. When aspects combine with tense, eg. When progressive combines with tense, the past progressive, present progressive and future progressive result.As Chinese does not have the grammatical category of tense, the temporal notions indicated by English tenses are lexicalized in Chinese. The lexical words used are mainly adverbs like 那时，昨天，上周，去年，etc., sometimes together with 曾经，过etc. to indicate the past tense; 明天，下周，明年，要etc. to indicate future tense; 已经，一直etc. to signal perfect tense. For example:(1) 那时他正要锁门。He was going to lock the door then.（2）她昨天买了一辆车。She bought the