a i r c r a f t o b s e r v a t i o n s- world meteorological organization（我r c r f t o b s e r v t i o n s -世界气象组织）（16页）.docVIP

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a i r c r a f t o b s e r v a t i o n s- world meteorological organization（我r c r f t o b s e r v t i o n s -世界气象组织）（16页）.doc

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aircraft-based observations 3.1 General 3.1.1 Definitions This chapter describes the methods used for automatic meteorological measurements on modern commercial aircraft, known collectively as aircraft-based observations. The principles described here may be used for data processing on any adequately instrumented aircraft to define and develop aircraft-based observing systems. The WMO Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay (AMDAR) observing system is an aircraft-based observing system that is specified by WMO (2013) so as to meet meteorological requirements for reporting meteorological data from an aircraft platform. The AMDAR system is operated by WMO Members in collaborative agreement with their partner airlines and the resulting data is transmitted on the WMO Global Telecommunications System. Additional information is available in WMO (2003). AMDAR and other aircraft-based observing systems are generally implemented on aircraft that are equipped with sophisticated navigation and other sensing systems. There are sensors for measuring air speed, air temperature and air pressure. Other data relating to aircraft position, acceleration and orientation are available from the aircraft navigation system. The aircraft also carry airborne computers for the flight management and navigation systems, by which navigation and meteorological data are computed continuously and are made available to the aircrew at the flight deck. In aircraft-based observing systems, they are further processed and fed automatically to the aircraft communication system for transmission to the ground, or, alternatively, a dedicated processing package can be used on the aircraft to access raw data from the aircraft systems and derive the meteorological variables independently. In AMDAR systems, these facilities are used to compile and transmit meteorological reports in real time. Normally, the messages contain wind speed and direction (in the horizontal plane), air temperature, pressure altitude (altitu