atmospheric drag- universityof colorado boulder（大气阻力——科罗拉多大学博尔德）（5页）.docVIP

Atmospheric Drag The atmospheric drag acceleration is given by Also, CD = Drag coefficient A = cross sectional area normal to the velocity vector m = spacecraft mass ????atmospheric density = spacecraft velocity relative to the ECF frame i.e., relative to the Earth’s atmosphere ??= rotation rate of the Earth For example, the equation for in the ECI frame including the effects of the gravitational potential,, and drag is Similar equations can be written for . The primary effect of drag is to lower the apoapsis altitude of elliptical orbits until the orbit is circularized. After that time the orbit remains circular until reentry. The Earth’s atmospheric density is affected by a number of factors including the amount of solar radiation striking the atmosphere and by the Earth’s magnetic field. Solar flux is the incident radiation arriving from the sun. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation heats the atmosphere, causing it to expand, resulting in a density increase at satellite altitudes. EUV does not reach the Earth’s surface because the atmosphere absorbs it. Hence there is no Earth-based means of measuring it. However, both EUV and F10.7 flux originate from the same layer of the sun and F10.7 flux, which does reach the ground, can be used as a proxy for EUV. F10.7 is the solar radiation with 10.7 cm wavelength. The amount of EUV energy reaching the Earth is highly influenced by the 11-year solar cycle, which will peak in 2001. The figure shows F10.7 flux levels for the past solar cycle as well as predicted flux levels through 2005. A number of density models are in use today. These include Harris – Priester, Jacchia, Density Temperature Model (DTM), Jacchia – Roberts, Cospar, and Hedin to name the most frequently used. A simple exponential model works to first order up to altitudes of 1000 km H varies from 7.25 km at the Earth’s surface to 268 km at 1000 km altitude. H is the altitude over which the density changes by the value