categoriesofprotectedareasinthephilippines-oneocean（37页）.docVIP

Experience with coastal and marine protected area planning and management in the Philippines by Alan T. White, Albert Salamanca, and Catherine A. Courtney Perspective on coastal management in the Philippines Coastal management has been practiced in the Philippines over the last two decades to try to stem the increasing tide of destruction to coastal habitats and the decline of fisheries. Unfortunately, after 20 years of practice, coastal resources continue to decline and deteriorate at alarming rates. While numerous experiments in coastal management have been conducted, few have been evaluated with sufficient scientific rigor in order to distinguish successful from unsuccessful outcomes. This paper provides an overview of selected experiences and two case studies in coastal management that involve marine protected areas. Important lessons and approaches that can be used for marine protected area management in the context of sustainable coastal management are highlighted. In recent years, two major forces have influenced the development of coastal management in the Philippines (Courtney and White 2000). The first is a series of donor-assisted non-government organization (NGO) and government projects that have resulted in a number of experiments in coastal resource management (CRM), all of which have established marine protected areas of various kinds. Such projects, working with coastal communities, have focused on near-shore fisheries and coastal habitat management (Ferrer et al. 1996; White and Lopez 1991; Christie and White 1997). The second major influence affecting the evolution of coastal management in the Philippines is the devolution of authority from central to local governments (municipal, city, and provincial). CRM has been supported and nurtured by a variety of institutions, including government, non-government organizations (NGOs), people’s organizations, research institutions and by multilateral and bilateral donor organizations, emp