chapter1 introduction- lindhjem（chapter1介绍——lindhjem）（96页）.docVIP

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chapter1 introduction- lindhjem（chapter1介绍——lindhjem）（96页）.doc

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chapter1 introduction- lindhjem（chapter1介绍——lindhjem）（96页）

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Over the last three decades increasing interest has been expressed in environmental issues, largely as a result of the concern felt by many people, both in the North and the South, about the state of our global environment. Gloomy predictions for the future of humans and the species with which we share the Earth are being made. One of the most serious global concerns during the last 15-20 years has been the rising extinction rates of species in the tropics, particularly in rain forests and coral reef environments, prompting some to call it the Sixth (and only human induced) Mass Extinction (Leakey 1995, Wilson 1988, 1992). Biodiversity conservation is a central element in the ongoing discussion of sustainable development, its importance being underscored by the emphasis devoted to the topic at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio. The Convention on Biological Diversity was carved out before and during this conference and entered into force in December 1993, signed by more than 150 states (Jeffries 1997). Species richness generally increases with decreasing latitude, and therefore the overwhelming majority of species are located in developing countries (DCs) (WCMC 1992, 1996). These countries often face similar types of problems in managing their natural resources sustainably, leading to rapid degradation of natural habitats and diminishing livelihood opportunities for local people who often depend directly on these areas for survival. Parallel to the reduction of natural areas in the tropics, a soaring demand in the industrialised countries for nature-based vacations has taken place over the last decade. Tourism is now the biggest and most rapidly growing industry in the world and the nature-based segment of the market is increasing the most rapidly (TES 1998, WTO 1997). The general move away from more conventional mass tourism to nature-based tourism is according to de Albuquerque and M