chapter9 the hydrosphere- u c c s home（chapter9水圈- u c c s回家）（9页）.docVIP

Chapter 9: The Hydrosphere The Hydrologic Cycle intro moisture inventory on earth (rounded) (Fig 9-1) oceans = 97.2% glaciers = 2.15% groundwater = 0.62% freshwater lakes = 0.009% saline lakes = 0.008% soil water = 0.005% stream, atmospheric, and biological water = 0.0011% component percentages are constant except during glaciation 99% of moisture is in storage water frozen as ice in glaciers and continental ice sheets ≈ ? of planet’s fresh water 1% available for movement in hydrologic cycle hydrologic cycle series of storage areas interconnected by various transfer processes, in which there is a ceaseless interchange of moisture in terms of its geographical location and its physical state b. a closed, circular system Surface-to-Air Water Movement evaporation most moisture enters atmosphere through evaporation 86% of evaporated moisture derives from ocean surfaces extensive ocean surfaces in low latitudes where plentiful heat and wind facilitate evaporation water vapor from evaporation remains in atmosphere a few hours or days may move considerable distance, vertically (convection) or horizontally (advection) 14% derives from land surfaces through combination of evaporation and transpiration Air-to-Surface Water Movement water vapor in air condenses and returns to Earth’s surface as precipitation 78% falls on oceans 22% falls on land precipitation and evaporation/transpiration balance in time but not in place evaporation exceeds precipitation over the oceans precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration on land advection of maritime air onto land areas explains the imbalance Movement on and Beneath Earth’s Surface precipitation that falls on land collects on the surface runoff: that portion of Earth’s circulating moisture that moves in the liquid state from land to sea infiltration: downward movement of water into the ground runoff balances the 8% excess of precipitation over evaporation taking place on the continents – keeps the oceans from dying up Residence Time