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chapter14and15 study guide answers（chapter14and15学习指南的答案）（6页）.doc

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Chapter 14 and 15 Study Guide Answers Section 14-1 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Biogenesis is the principle that all living things come from other living things. 2. Spontaneous generation is the supposed origin of living things from nonliving things. 3. Vital force was the force that according to supporters of spontaneous generation, caused life to appear spontaneously. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. c SHORT ANSWER 1. Observations with the microscope revealed the existence of microorganisms that are simple in structure, numerous, and widespread. Investigators of that time concluded that microorganisms arise spontaneously from a “vital force” in the air. 2. Spallanzani reasoned that boiling the broth would kill all of the microorganisms in the broth, on the inside of the glass, and in the air inside the flask. 3. Instead of sealing the flask in the experimental group after boiling, Pasteur used a flask with a curved neck, which allowed air inside and outside the flask to mix but prevented microorganisms from entering the body of the flask. 4. Pasteur’s experiment permitted air from the outside to mix with air from the inside, which would have allowed any “vital force” to enter and cause the broth to become cloudy if there were such a “vital force.” 5. Believers in spontaneous generation could have argued that the meat Redi used was somehow unable to develop into maggots, regardless of whether flies were present or absent. The control group showed that this was not the case. STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Control group: c, e, a. Experimental group, c, b, d. Section 14-2 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. A radioactive isotope is an isotope whose nucleus tends to release particles, radiant energy, or both; radioactive dating is a technique for determining the age of a material by measuring the amount of a particular radioactive isotope the material contains. 2. The release of particles, radiant energy, or both by a radioactive isotope is called radioactive decay; half-life is the time i