multi- engine instructor quick reference- fergworld（多引擎教练fergworld快速参考）（7页）.docVIP

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multi- engine instructor quick reference- fergworld（多引擎教练fergworld快速参考）（7页）.doc

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Multi-Engine Instructor Quick Reference Portions paraphrased from Phoenix East 1994 revision of multiengine reference materials (author DPE John Azma), “Multi-engine Flying” by Paul A. Craig, and “The Complete Multi-Engine Pilot” by Bob Gardner. Also referenced: CFR 14 Pt. 23. General notes With both engines operating, 18 to 30% of total lift is generated from the accelerated slipstream. Requirements and certification Multi-engine reciprocating engine aircraft that weigh less than 6,000 lbs. with a Vso speed under 61 knots have no minimum performance criteria specified. Above 6,000 lbs. or Vso above 61 knots, must demonstrate a positive engine-out rate of climb at 5000 ft. FAR 23.149 states Vmc for takeoff must not exceed 1.2 Vs1 (and Vs1 has been determined at maximum takeoff weight.) Vmc 14 CFR 23.149(a) defines Vmc as: “VMC is the calibrated airspeed at which, when the critical engine is suddenly made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the airplane with that engine still inoperative, and thereafter maintain straight flight at the same speed with an angle of bank of not more than 5 degrees. The method used to simulate critical engine failure must represent the most critical mode of powerplant failure expected in service with respect to controllability.” Directional control, performance, and CG issues in an engine failure When an engine fails, the aircraft will… Pitch down due to loss of induced airflow over the horizontal stabilizer. Roll towards the dead engine due to the loss of accelerated slipstream over the dead engine wing. Yaw towards the dead engine due to the asymmetrical thrust situation. Engine performance is inversely proportional to Vmca. When discussing directional control problems, the focus is on Vmca. When discussing performance, the focus is on the concept of Vyse. Increases in altitude (decrease in pressure, decrease in air density) and increases in temperature (decrease in air density) will decreas