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where The chi square statistic having, in this case, the value 4.37 yields a p-value of 0.03 which is less than the formal level of significance 0.05. There is, however, no theoretical reason to believe that this result is true. So we take again P(H0)=0.5. This leads to Berger and Selke (1987) have shown that for a very wide range of cases including the case control case Using the value 4.73 for the chi square variable leads to a BF value of at least 0.337 (M. A. Mendall et al Relation betweenH. Pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Heart J. (1994)). Conclusion Taking another (more or less sceptical) attitude does not change a the conclusion that much: P(H0)=0.75 = P[ H0| D] (0.5) P(H0)=0.25 = P[ H0| D] (0.1) Questions or Comments? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * hh * * * * * * * * * * Categorical data Chi-square test The chi-square test is useful for detection of a general association between treatment and categorical response (in either the nominal or ordinal scale), but it cannot identify a particular relationship, e.g. a location shift. Nominal categorical data Chi-square test: ?2 = 3.084 , df=4 , p = 0.544 Ordered categorical data Here we assume two groups one receiving the drug and one placebo. The response is assumed to be ordered categorical with J categories. The null hypothesis is that the distribution of subjects in response categories is the same for both groups. Again the randomization and the HG distribution lead to the same chi square test statistic but this time with (J-1) df. Moreover the same relationship exists between the two versions of the chi square statistic. The Mantel-Haensel statistic The aim here is to combine data from several (H) strata for comparing two groups drug and placebo. The expected frequency and the variance for each stratum are used to define the Mantel-Haensel statistic which is chi square distributed with one df. Consider again the Bernoulli situation, where Y is a binary