ppt课件-chapter10 earthquakes the earth’s interior（chapter10地震地球的内部）.pptVIP

Chapter 10: Earthquakes The Earth’s Interior What is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy released radiates in all directions from its source, the focus (hypocentre) Energy radiates in the form of seismic waves Sensitive instruments around the world record the event The point on the earth’s surface above the focus is called the epicentre What is an Earthquake? Earthquakes and faults Movements that produce earthquakes are usually associated with large faults in Earth’s crust Most of the motion along faults can be explained by plate tectonics theory Which came first, the big quake or the big fault? What other cause of quakes might there be? Damage from 1906 San Francisco Quake Damage from 1906 San Francisco Quake Fire Elastic rebound Mechanism for earthquakes was first explained by H.F. Reid (early 1900s) Rocks on both sides of an existing fault are deformed by tectonic forces Rocks bend and store elastic energy Frictional resistance holding the rocks together is overcome During a quake the stored potential energy is released as elastic wave vibration The strain is released as the fault moves and the cycle repeats. Reid’s Elastic Strain Rebound Cyclefor a Strike-SlipFault like the SanAndreas or the Queen Charlotte What is an Earthquake? Foreshocks and aftershocks Adjustments that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called aftershocks Small earthquakes, called foreshocks, often precede a major earthquake by days or even by as much as several years Due to Strain on smaller or adjacent faults A Seismograph is a Mechanical AmplifierThis one indicates the direction of first motions. Vertical MotionSeismographP, S Rayleigh waves 2 Types of seismic waves Body waves and Surface Waves Body waves (depend more on rigidity than density) Short period, small amplitude Travel through Earth’s interior refracting with depth Two types based on mode of travel Primar