ppt课件-chartinga new directionfor u. s. international food aid（chartinga新directionfor美国国际粮食援助）.pptVIP

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2017-01-25 发布于四川
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ppt课件-chartinga new directionfor u. s. international food aid（chartinga新directionfor美国国际粮食援助）.ppt

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Charting a New Direction for U.S. International Food Aid Emmy Simmons Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa November 16, 2007 The Road We’ve Taken Disposing of the Mountain of Agricultural Surplus in the 1950s and 1960s Responding to a Changing Global Agricultural Scene in the 1970s and 1980s Some Further Adjustments in the 1990s The 1950s and 1960s– Disposing of the Mountain Wartime farm policies supported increased U.S. production Farmers began reaping the benefits of RD A developing world with unmet food needs had few resources to pay for imports The idea of “sharing the bounty” captured the imagination P.L. 480 was set up in 1954It took up some of the slack Soybean oil exports as food aid expanded quickly: 50 mn lbs in 1954 550 mn lbs in 1955 1.35 mn pounds in 1965 Wheat became the staple grain of food aid In constant 2004 $ From 1953-1961 Food aid budgets averaged nearly $4 billion a year P.L. 480 Title I (concessionary sales) accounted for about 60% Title II (grant food aid), about 40% Source: USAID Greenbook, 2006 Changes in global and U.S. agriculture in the 1970s/80s affected food aid context U.S. farm policies reduced the levels of government-held surpluses and fueled an export boom in the 1970s The Green Revolution increased production in many developing countries Between 1960-1985, worldwide food and agricultural production almost doubled and trade expanded 2.5 times One might ask: Why not phase out PL 480? No – A Changed Approach Crises in Africa in the early 1970s and mid-1980s underscored the need for a food security safety net But -- as most food aid purchased on the U.S. market, food aid supply shrank when prices went higher. The budget constraint became clear Food aid not as “reliable” as thought - worries about the new “dependence” on wheat as a consumption staple Greater professionalization of food aid management led to diverse programs, growth in PVO participation, introduction of Title II monetization in 1985 Greater