ppt课件-descriptive statistics- s u n y（描述性统计u n y）.pptVIP

Descriptive Statistics Summarizing data using graphs Which graph to use? Depends on type of data Depends on what you want to illustrate Depends on available statistical software Bar Chart Bar Chart Summarizes categorical data. Horizontal axis represents categories, while vertical axis represents either counts (“frequencies”) or percentages (“relative frequencies”). Used to illustrate the differences in percentages (or counts) between categories. Histogram Analogy Histogram Divide measurement up into equal-sized categories. Determine number (or percentage) of measurements falling into each category. Draw a bar for each category so bars’ heights represent number (or percent) falling into the categories. Label and title appropriately. Histogram Too few categories Too many categories Dot Plot Dot Plot Summarizes measurement data. Horizontal axis represents measurement scale. Plot one dot for each data point. Stem-and-Leaf Plot Stem-and-Leaf Plot Summarizes measurement data. Each data point is broken down into a “stem” and a “leaf.” First, “stems” are aligned in a column. Then, “leaves” are attached to the stems. Box Plot Box Plot Summarizes measurement data. Vertical (or horizontal) axis represents measurement scale. Lines in box represent the 25th percentile (“first quartile”), the 50th percentile (“median”), and the 75th percentile (“third quartile”), respectively. An aside... Roughly speaking: The “25th percentile” is the number such that 25% of the data points fall below the number. The “median” or “50th percentile” is the number such that half of the data points fall below the number. The “75th percentile” is the number such that 75% of the data points fall below the number. Box Plot (cont’d) “Whiskers” are drawn to the most extreme data points that are not more than 1.5 times the length of the box beyond either quartile. Whiskers are useful for identifying outliers. “Outliers,” or extreme observations, are denoted by asterisks. Generally, data points falling