ppt课件-fadingmultipathradiochannels-aalto.pptVIP

* Fading multipath radio channels Narrowband channel modelling Wideband channel modelling Wideband WSSUS channel (functions, variables distributions) Low-pass equivalent (LPE) signal Real-valued RF signal Complex-valued LPE signal RF carrier frequency In-phase signal component Quadrature component Spectrum characteristics of LPE signal f f magnitude phase Real-valued time domain signal (e.g. RF signal) Signal spectrum is Hermitian 0 0 Complex-valued LPE time domain signal Signal spectrum is not Hermitian Radio channel modelling Narrowband modelling Wideband modelling Deterministic models (e.g. ray tracing, playback modelling) Stochastical models (e.g. WSSUS) Calculation of path loss e.g. taking into account - free space loss - reflections - diffraction - scattering Basic problem: signal fading Basic problem: signal dispersion Signal fading in a narrowband channel magnitude of complex-valued LPE radio signal distance propagation paths fade = signal replicas received via different propagation paths cause destructive interference Tx Rx Fading: illustration in complex plane in-phase component quadrature phase component Tx Rx Received signal in vector form: resultant (= summation result) of “propagation path vectors” Wideband channel modelling: in addition to magnitudes and phases, also path delays are important. path delays are not important Propagation mechanisms A: free space B: reflection C: diffraction D: scattering A: free space B: reflection C: diffraction D: scattering reflection: object is large compared to wavelength scattering: object is small or its surface irregular Countermeasures: narrowband fading Diversity (transmitting the same signal at different frequencies, at different times, or to/from different antennas) - will be investigated in later lectures - wideband channels = multipath diversity Interleaving (efficient when a fade affects many bits or symbols at a time), frequency hopping Forward Error Correction (FEC, uses larg