ppt课件-introductionto earthquakes e a s a-193, fall2001（introductionto地震e - 193年代,fall2001）.pptVIP

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ppt课件-introductionto earthquakes e a s a-193, fall2001（introductionto地震e - 193年代,fall2001）.ppt

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?. ???? ???? Lecture #07- Mid-Ocean Ridges Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR) Mid-Ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries; these are regions where plates move away from one another As you might imagine, they occur only between oceans and oceans (continents are not involved) Mid-Ocean Ridges MORs are the “birthplace” of oceanic lithosphere The newly formed oceanic crust and lithosphere are pushed sideways to make room for hotter upwelling material This sideways motion continues as the plates age and become cooler and heavier Rift Zones The continental analog to a MOR is called a rift zone A major rift zone exists in east Africa; some have already named the new plate the “Somalian Plate” At a rift zone a continent is essentially being broken apart If the rifting is successful a spreading ridge (MOR) will develop and ocean basins will form If the rifting does not succeed the continent will remain whole and no new plate boundary will be formed (failed rift) MORs Up Close When we look at mid-ocean ridges in detail we find some interesting things: Hydrothermal systems Pillow basalts Plumes of chemical precipitation (black smokers) Pillow Basalts When magma directly encounters water it is supercooled into pillow basalt Basalt refers to the chemical composition of the rocks, and pillow refers to their smooth, rounded shapes MOR Summary Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic lithosphere is being created Rifting refers to the breaking up of a continent; rifts may or may not turn into spreading ridges *EASA-193 Intro to Earthquakes *EASA-193 Intro to Earthquakes Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR) Rocks Magnetism When rocks form in the presence of a magnetic field (like that on Earth), they are influenced by the field. In an igneous rock, which forms from cooling lava or magma, the iron rich atoms are aligned with Earth’s field, and then frozen into the rock. Magnetic Time Scales By studying many rocks of different ages, they were able to map out the “pola