动词和动词词组讲解.ppt

动词分类（一） 1）主动词和助动词 主动词构成动词词组的语义核心，表示动词词组的基本意义，因此，主动词又叫“实义动词”（Notional Verb）. He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping. She neednt have been waiting in the rain. You should have read the book. 助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义，比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经完成，应该做某事或不应该做某事。 英语的助动词分为三类：基本主动词、情态助动词和半助动词。 a)基本助动词 基本助动词只有3个：be, do, have。作为助动词，be, do, have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用。比如助动词be通常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动态： I am listening to a Beethoven symphony. The students were praised by the principal. 助动词do 通常用来协助助动词表达否定意义或构成疑问句： My wife doesnt know Russian. What did she give to John for his birthday? 助动词do 还可用来加重语气： You do look well. Do come and join us. 助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进行体： Jane has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20years. b)情态助动词 情态助动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式。它们是can / could, may / might, will / would, shall / should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.情态助动词表达情态意义，其过去时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态助动词不能重叠使用；随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to的不定式即动词原形。 It may snow before nightfall. Would you let me use your pen a minute? c) 半助动词 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to, seem to之类的结构既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义，从而像是情态助动词。 I have to buy a new car. 又能与其他助动词搭配，像是主动词。、 You will have to sell your house. He didnt seem to love her. 2)动态动词和静态动词 英语动词，按其词汇意义，又可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词是表示运动状态的动词，而静态动词则是表示一种相对静止状态的动词。 a) 动态动词 动态动词，按词汇意义，又可分为3个小类： 一是表示持续动作的动词，如drink, eat, fly, play, rain, run, sit, stand, sleep, talk, watch, write, work等。这类动词既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。 She works at a chemical factory. She has been working there for a long time. 二是表示改变或移动的动词， 如arrive, become, change, come, get, go, grow, leave, reach, turn等。这类动词也是既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。 Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. The weather is changing for the better. Shanghai has changed a lot in the past 10 years. 三是表示短暂动作的动词，如hit, jump,kick, knock, open/ close (a door), put (something on the table), shut, take out等。这类动词可用一般现在时表示说话时正在进行的短暂动作，若用进行体则表示短暂动作的不断重复。 The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door. Who is knocking at the door? 这类动词若用一般过去时，则表示发生在过去的一次性短暂动作，若用过去进行体，也