简明语言学整理笔记.docVIP

第一章The scope of linguistics Phonetics-语音学 phonology-音系学 morphology-形态学 syntax-句法学 semantics-语义学 pragmatics-语用学 从语言形式划分： Sociolinguistics社会语言学，psycholinguistics心理语言学，applied linguistics应用语言学 3. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive prescriptive 规定性描写性Synchronic diachronic 共时性历时性 Speech writing 口语书写Langue parole 语言言语Competence performance 语言能力语言运用 (Saussure and Chomsky think rulelanguage fact )Traditional grammer modern linguistics 4.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication5.Design features of language 语言的识别特征 Charles Hockett①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)②Productivity/creativity(）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users ③Duality（性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. ⑤ Cultural transmission（文化传承性）人独有。动物为基因传承6.Functions of language Main function： Descreptive function 描述功能，expressive function表达功能，social function社会功能 6 basic function （Roman Jakobson）①addresser-Emotive (情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker②addressee-Conative（意动功能） ③ Context-referential（指称功能）④.message-poetic（诗性功能）. ⑤contact-Phatic communion(寒暄交流) ⑥Metalingual function(元语言功能): –child language： the ideational 概念功能，the interpersonal交际功能，the textual语篇功能 第二章Phology语音学 Three branches：articulatory phonetics 发音语言学，auditory phonetics 听觉语音学，acoustic phonetics声学语音学。 Organs of speech：pharyngeal cavity咽腔:voiced浊辅音，voiceless清辅音 oral cavity口腔， nasal cavity鼻腔。Broadnarrow transcription classification of english speech so