14- p e r i o d i c t r e n d s i n t h e m a i n g r o u p e l e m e n t s（14 - p e r i o d i c t r e n d s i n t h e m i n g r o u p e l e m e n t s）.docVIP

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14- p e r i o d i c t r e n d s i n t h e m a i n g r o u p e l e m e n t s（14 - p e r i o d i c t r e n d s i n t h e m i n g r o u p e l e m e n t s）.doc

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Chapter 20 – THE REPRTESENTATIVE ELEMENTS – Groups 1A – 4A 20.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements Elements of Group 1A through 8A (or Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18) are called representative elements. Their chemical properties are determined by the electron configurations of the valence-shell ns and np orbitals. They consist of metals, semi-metals (or metalloids), and nonmetals. In general, metals react with nonmetal to form ionic compounds, but there is exception where molecular compounds may also be formed between certain metals and nonmetals. On the other hand, reactions between nonmetals and nonmetals, or between semi-metals and nonmetals, invariable form molecular compounds. In the periodic table, metallic property decreases from left to right across periods and increases down groups Metal reactivity decreases from left to right across periods and increases down groups. Nonmetallic characteristics increase from left to right and decreases down groups. Nonmetal reactivity increases from left to right and decreases down groups. For example, the following trends are observed for alkali metals: Atomic radii: Li Na K Rb Cs; Ionization energy: Li Na K Rb Cs; Reactivity: Li Na K Rb Cs. The halogens: Atomic radii: F Cl Br I; Ionization energy, electronegative, and reactivity: F Cl Br I; Electron affinity: F Cl Br I; (note anomaly trend between fluorine and chlorine) For elements in the third period, metallic characteristics and reactivity decreases from sodium to silicon; nonmetallic characteristics increases from silicon to chlorine; Si is a metalloid and has the least chemical reactivity. Argon is a noble gas and is unreactive. The trends of the oxides and chlorides are as follows: Na2O: ionic, strongly basic; NaCl: strictly ionic; MgO: ionic, mildly basic; MgCl2: ionic; Al2O3: ionic, amphoteric; AlCl3: ionic with covalent character; SiO2: covalent network; weakly acidic; SiCl4: polar covalent bonds,