geophysical monitoringof geologic sequestration（地球物理monitoringof地质封存）.docVIP

Geophysical Monitoring of Geologic Sequestration in Aquifers and Depleted Oil and Gas Fields MS Project Report Department of Geophysics Stanford University David Wynn August 2003  Abstract The objective of this research is to explore the available options for monitoring a formation undergoing CO2 injection. Rock physics models are used to determine the time-lapse changes in relevant physical properties (acoustic, electrical, etc.) for a variety of rock types at the pore scale. These rock physics models are used in a synthetic formation model to estimate field or measurement scale changes. Results from different settings are compared to suggest optimum monitoring techniques for monitoring geologic sequestration in brine aquifers and depleted oil and gas fields. Also examined are the potential uses of each technique for monitoring CO2 migration, seal integrity, and mass balance. Seismic, electromagnetic, gravitational, and geodetic methods are the four broad types of subsurface geophysical monitoring examined. Two examples are used to illustrate the usefulness of this modeling approach: time-lapse seismic at Sleipner and deformation at Elk Hills. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Geologic Sequestration 1 Geophysical Monitoring 2 Formation Modeling 5 Seismic 7 Seismic Model 7 Lab Data Comparison 11 Field Scale Results 12 Electromagnetic 15 Electromagnetic Model 15 Field Scale Results 18 Gravity 20 Gravity Model 20 Field Scale Results 21 Deformation 23 Deformation Model 23 Field Scale Results 25 Sleipner Seismic 27 Geologic Setting 27 Sleipner Model 28 Field Scale Results 29 Elk Hills Deformation 31 Geologic Setting 31 Elk Hills Model 32 Field Scale Results 33 Conclusions 34 Summary of Results 34 Future work 35 Appendix A: Green’s Function Derivation 36 References 38 1. Introduction Figure 1.1—Schematic of CO2 injection showing reservoir characteristics, injection geometry, and monitor