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to councilof international law sectionof american bar（》,国际法律街区美国律师）.doc

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AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SECTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW REPORT TO THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES RECOMMENDATION RESOLVED, That the American Bar Association urges the United States to ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. REPORT Background on the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty To date over 2,000 underground nuclear tests have been done; the U.S. has done over 1,000. The U.S. has abided by a moratorium on testing since 1992. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is an international agreement designed to create a permanent, global, legally-binding and all-encompassing prohibition on any nuclear explosions. The CTBT would be the culmination of a sequence of test ban treaties, each of which has imposed partial constraints upon nuclear testing. These include the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 (prohibiting nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water – confining them to underground caverns); the Threshold Test Ban Treaty of 1974, the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976, and the 1990 Protocols to those two accords (which restricted the size of nuclear explosions, limiting them to 150 kilotons yield). 182 countries have signed the CTBT and 150 have ratified. Under its terms, the treaty will not enter into force until it has been ratified by 44 specified states, listed in Annex 2 to the treaty (essentially, all those states that participated in the treaty negotiations and have the capacity for developing nuclear power). Of those indispensable states, 41 have signed (excluding India, Pakistan and North Korea) and 35 have ratified. Notable among the ratifying states are Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and all the other members of NATO, except the United States. Countries that have signed but not ratified include the United States, China, Israel and Iran. In order to secure the commitment of over 180 nations not to develop nuclear weapons the NPT contains a clear commitment to “pursue negotiations in goo