02第二课反应试剂与反应性.pptVIP

2012-02-21 2012-2-18 【第2节】反应试剂与反应性； 在化学反应中，对反应试剂可分为： 1、自由基试剂：具有奇数电子的试剂 2、离子试剂：具有偶数电子的试剂，包括亲核试剂和亲电试剂 （1）亲核试剂：反应中给出电子的或给电后与相互作用的原子(或基团）同享电子的试剂称为亲核试剂。 负离子都为亲核试剂，具有亲核性 （2）亲电试剂：反应中接受电子的或受电后与相互作用的原子(或基团）同享电子的试剂称为亲核试剂。 正离子都为亲电试剂，具有亲电性 一个分子既具有亲电反应中心，又具有亲核反应中心，视反应性熟大，决定分子属于亲电还是亲核。 Br : Br Br+ + Br- Br2分子在异裂反应中，分为两个离子，正离子Br+具有较高的能量，所以溴是亲电性，故为亲电试剂 H : Br H+ + Br- HBr分子在异裂反应中，分为两个离子，正离子H+具有较高的能量，所以溴是亲电性，故为亲核试剂 H2O是亲电试剂还是亲核试剂？ HCN是亲电试剂还是亲核试剂？ = （二）What is Nucleophiles and electrophiles ? Nucleophiles---Nu- (亲核试剂) Electron-rich molecules are called nucleophiles (meaning nucleusloving) OH- Nucleophilic center(亲核中心) Nucleophiles have a specific atom or region of the molecule which is electron rich Electrophiles(亲电试剂) Electron-deficient molecules are called electrophiles (electron-loving) and react with nucleophiles. CH3+（ CH3 Cl） Electrophilic center(亲电中心) Electrophiles have a specific atom or region of the molecule which is electron deficient. This region is called the electrophilic center. Anions（阴离子） A negatively charged molecule such as the hydroxide ion is electron rich and acts as a nucleophile. The atom which bears the negative charge and a lone pair of electrons is the nucleophilic center, which in the case of the hydroxide ion is the oxygen atom Nucleophiles---Nu- (亲核试剂) Some ions (e.g. the carboxylate ion) are able to share the negative charge between two or more atoms through a process known as delocalization. In this case, the negative charge is shared between both oxygen atoms and so both of these atoms are nucleophilic centers nucleophilic centers Cations（阳离子） A positively charged ion is electron deficient and acts as an electrophile. The atom which bears the positive charge is the electrophilic center. This is the carbon atom. Carbocation（碳正离子） Electrophiles(亲电试剂) Some molecules (e.g. the allylic cation) are able to delocalize their positive charge between two or more atoms in which case all the atoms capable of shar