Energy ConservationBernoulli’s Equation节能伯努利方程.pptVIP

Energy Conservation (Bernoulli’s Equation) Bernoulli’s Equation (Continued) Bernoulli’s Eqn/Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy conservation(cont.) Energy conservation (cont.) Frictional losses in piping system Losses in Pipe Flows Minor Loss through flow entrance Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy Conservation (cont.) Conservation of Energy – Application * If one integrates Euler’s eqn. along a streamline, between two points , ? ? Which gives us the Bernoulli’s Equation Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant Recall Euler’s equation: Also recall that viscous forces were neglected, i.e. flow is invisicd We get : p A Dx Flow Work (p/?) : It is the work required to move fluid across the control volume boundaries. Consider a fluid element of cross-sectional area A with pressure p acting on the control surface as shown. Due to the fluid pressure, the fluid element moves a distance Dx within time Dt. Hence, the work done per unit time DW/Dt (flow power) is: Flow work per unit mass Flow work or Power 1/mass flow rate Flow work is often also referred to as flow energy Very Important: Bernoulli’s equation is only valid for : incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss due to friction, no heat transfer. Application of Bernoulli’s equation - Example 1: Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from the circular hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water tank (at this instant). The tank is open to the atmosphere and H=4 m H 1 2 p1 = p2, V1=0 Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont) Example 2: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate the time required to drain the tank to level 2. h(t) 1 2 First, choose the control volume as enclosed by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water level as a function of time. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4 time (sec.) water height (m) 4 2.5e-007 h ( ) t 100 0 t Energy exchange (conservation) in a thermal system Energy added, hA (ex. pump, compressor) Energy