p21心理学专业外语第21页.docVIP

‘A nation of morons’Gould (1982) AIM TO describe one part of the early history of intelligence testing as a way of discussing the following issues in psychology: The problematic nature of psychometric testing in general and the measurement of intelligence in particular. The problem of theoretical bias influencing research in psychology, in particular how psychological theories on the inherited nature of intelligence and the prejudice a of a society can dramatically distort the objectivity of intelligence testing. The problem of the political and ethical implications of research, in this case the use of biased data to discriminate between people in suitability for occupation and even admission to a country. THE HISTORY OF YERKES’ TESTING OF INTELLIGENCE What did Yerkes aim to do? Yerkes aimed to show that psychology could prove itself as a respectable science by using intelligence testing to aid recruitment, and find support for the hereditarian view of intelligence (that intellectual ability was inherited through the genes). How did Yerkes test intelligence? Yerkes tested 1.75 million army recruits during the First World War, using three intelligence tests: Army alpha–a written exam for literate recruits Army beta- pictorial exam for illiterate recruits and those who failed the alpha Individual exam–for those who failed the beta 一个低能儿的国度 古尔德 1982 目的 为了描述智商测试早期历史的一部分，智商测试是讨论下列心理学课题的一种方法。 一般情况下心理测试比较困难，尤其是智商的测量。 理论倾向影响心理学研究的问题，尤其是讨论智力的遗传特点的心理学理论和社会的偏见能够大大地歪曲智商测试的客观性。 研究应用的政治和伦理问题，有偏向的数据被用来区别哪些人适合他们的职业和哪些人适合进入某个国家。 耶基斯智力测试史 耶基斯的目的何在？ 耶基斯的目的在于： 通过运用智力测验来增加新成员，心理学能够证明它自己是一门正式的科学。 寻求智力遗传论观点的支持（智力遗传论认为智力是通过基因遗传的） 耶基斯是怎样测智力的？ 耶基斯对一战期间的175万军人进行施测，他运用了以下三种智商测试： 军队α-对受过良好教育的士兵进行笔试。 军队β-对没有受过教育的士兵和那些没有通过α测试的士兵进行图画测试。 个体测试-对那些没有通过β测试的人进行施测。 Every individual was given a grade from A to E (with plus and minus signs), for example: C–indicated a low average intelligence, suitable for the position of ordinary private in the army D–indicated a person rarely suited for t