第一章误差理论与数据处理.pptVIP

* 二、数字舍入规则 　计算和测量过程中，对很多位的近似数进行取舍时，应按照下述原则进行凑整： 若舍去部分的数值，大于保留部分末位的半个单位，则末位数加1。 若舍去部分的数值，小于保留部分末位的半个单位，则末位数减1。 若舍去部分的数值，等于保留部分末位的半个单位，则末位凑成偶数，即当末位为偶数时则末位不变，当末位是奇数时则末位加1。 * 原有数据 舍入后数据（四位有效数字） 3.14159 3.142 2.71729 2.717 4.51050 4.510 3.21550 3.216 6.378501 6.379 7.691499 7.691 5.43460 5.435 * 三、数字运算规则 在近似数运算时，为了保证最后结果有尽可能高的精度，所有残余运算的数字，在有效数字后可多保留一维数字作为参考数字（或称为安全数字）。 在近似数做加减运算时，各运算数据以小数位数最少的数据位数为准，其余各数据可多取一位小数，但最后结果应与小数位数最少的数据小数位相同。 在近似数乘除运算时，各运算数据以有效位数最少的数据位数为准，其余各数据可多取一位有效数，但最后结果应与有效位数最少的数据位数相同。 在近似数平方或开方运算时，近似数的选取与乘除运算相同。 在对数运算时，n位有效数字的数据应该用n位对数表，或用（n+1）位对数表，以免损失精度。 三角函数运算时，所取函数值的位数应随角度误差的减小而增多 * 误差定义及表达形式 测量误差来源的分析 测量误差按误差性质的分类处理 有效数字定义及选取 小 结 * Five distinct problems 1. There is only one - locked up in a safe near Paris 2. Those aren’t vacuum jars - kg defined in “ambient atmosphere”. Specificallyl, Parisienne atmosphere, smog and all 3. Defined only after washing by magic procedure, drifts a LOT after washing. 4. Evident drift compared to sister artifacts. 5. as will become clear, as the kg drifts, other important units will need to be changed in order to keep up!! When the kilogram and the sister artifacts were created in 1889, they had the same mass. It is likely that measurement errors were within a few micrograms, but I don’t know the details. Surface finish “handsome, but not specular”. Kept in ambient Parisian air, inside triple bell jars. “Now and then” (about once every 50 years!) they are recompared against one another. On comparison, they are washed by the “BIPM method which should return them to their proper mass”. It is clear that they are drifting relative to one another. It is unlikely that IPK is the only one that is not drifting. More than