《线性代数教学课件》chapter3.pptVIP

Example 2: Let W be the subset of R3 defined by Clearly uTv=0 , and these two vectors are perpendicular when viewed as directed line segments in the plane. In general , for vectors in Rn, we use the term orthogonal rather than the term perpendicular. Specially, if u and v are vectors in Rn, we say that u and v are orthogonal if uTv=0 We will also find the concept of an orthogonal set of vectors to be useful. Definition 6: Let S ={u1 u2 …up,} be a set of vectors in Rn, The set S is said to be an orthogonal set if each pair of distinct vectors form S is orthogonal; that is Example 1 verify that S is an orthogonal set of vectors , where Theorem 13 : let S ={u1 u2 …up,} be a set of nonzero vectors in Rn,. If S is an orthogonal set of vectors , then S is a linearly independent set of vectors. Proof: Definition 7: Let W be a subspace of Rn, and let B={u1, u2 up} be a basis for W. If B is an orthogonal set of vectors, then B is called an orthogonal basis for W. Furthermore, if Then B is said to be an orthonormal basis for W The word orthonormal suggests both orthogonal and normalized. Thus an orthonormal basis is an orthogonal basis consisting of vectors having length 1, where a vector of length 1 is a unit vector or a normalized vector. Observe that the unit vectors e1 form an orthonormal basis for Rn. So, is in R3 but is not in Sp(S); that is, w cannot be expressed as a linear combination of v1, v2,and v3. The next example illustrates a procedure for constructing a spanning set for the null space, N(A), of a matrix A. Example 3:Let A be the (3×4) matrix Exhibit a spanning set for N(A), the null space of A. Solution: The first step toward obtaining a spanning set for N(A) is to obtain an algebraic specification for N(A) by solving the homogeneous system Ax=θ. Let u1 and u2 be the vectors Therefore, N(A)=Sp{u1,u2} Minimal spanning sets If W is a subspace of Rn, W≠{θ}, then spanning sets for W abound. For example a vector