SystemProgrammingSystemSoftwarepp.pptVIP

System ProgrammingSystem Software, pp.21-28. Chia-Hui Chang, Assistant Professor Dept. of Computer Science Information Engineering National Central University, Taiwan Traditional (CISC) Machines Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC) complicated instruction set different instruction formats and lengths many different addressing modes e.g. VAX or PDP-11 from DEC e.g. Intel x86 family Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) VAX Architecture (1/6) Virtual Address EXtension Memory All addresses are byte address word (2bytes), longword (4bytes), quadworad (8bytes), octaword (16bytes) All VAX programs operate in a virtual address space of 232 bytes One half is used for system space The other half is called process space, and is defined for each program VAX Architecture (2/6) Registers 16 general purpose registers: R0~R15 each register is 32-bit long R15 (PC): Program Counter R14 (SP): Stack Pointer R13 (FP): Frame Pointer R12 (AP): Argument Pointer R6~R11: general R0~R5: are used by some instructions PSL: process status longword VAX Architecture (3/6) Data Formats Integers: byte, word, longword, quadword, or octaword Negative integers: 2’s complement representation Floating-point: 4~16bytes packed decimal: (C:positive, D:negative, F:unsigned) zoned decimal: (digits are represented with ASCII codes) e.g. +53842, 53842C (packed),2 (zoned) e.g. -6071, 6071D(packed), 363037D1 numeric format: trailing numeric, leading separate numeric VAX Architecture (4/6) Instruction Formats variable -length instruction format Addressing Modes register mode register deferred mode autoincrement and autodecrement modes several base relative addressing modes program-counter relative modes indirect addressing mode (called deferred modes) immediate operands VAX Architecture (5/6) Instruction Set Goal: symmetric with respect to data type The instruction mnemonics are formed by a prefix that specifies the type of operation a suffix that specifies the data type of the operands a m