国际市场营销学（原书第15版）教学课件作者（美）菲利普R.凯特奥拉(PhilipR.CateorChap005课件.ppt

TI also ranks 30 bribe-paying countries, and the ranking is reported here in Exhibit 5.6. TI is very emphatic that its intent is not to expose villains and cast blame, but to raise public awareness that will lead to constructive action. As one would expect, those countries receiving low scores are not pleased; however, the effect has been to raise public ire and debates in parliaments around the world – exactly the goal of TI. The most notable datum in the TI scores is Japan’s speedy ascendance in the last decade from 5.8 in 1998 to 7.5 in 2007. As a point of comparison, the United States has fallen in the rankings over the same time period from 7.5 to 7.3. No large, affluent country has moved up the rankings this fast. Now, at least according to TI, America is more corrupt than Japan! While the difference between the two major exporters is perhaps insignificant, the numbers fly in the face of Americans that have consistently criticized Japan as corrupt. * * While voluntarily offered payment by someone seeking unlawful advantage is bribery, on the other hand, it is extortion if payments are extracted under duress by someone in authority from a person seeking only what he or she is lawfully entitled to. Another variation of bribery is the difference between lubrication and subornation. Lubrication involves a relatively small sum of cash, a gift, or a service given to a low-ranking official in a country where such offerings are not prohibited by law. Subornation, on the other hand, generally involves giving large sums of money, frequently not properly accounted for, designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the bribe. Lubrication payments accompany requests for a person to do a job more rapidly or more efficiently; subornation is a request for officials to turn their heads, to not do their jobs, or to break the law. * A third type of payment that can appear to be a bribe, but may not be, is an agent’s fee. When a busines