外文原文-Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years.pdf

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2000 1349 Content-Based Image Retrieval at the End of the Early Years Arnold W.M. Smeulders, Senior Member, IEEE, Marcel Worring, Simone Santini, Member, IEEE, Amarnath Gupta, Member, IEEE, and Ramesh Jain, Fellow, IEEE AbstractDThe paper presents a review of 200 references in content-based image retrieval. The paper starts with discussing the working conditions of content-based retrieval: patterns of use, types of pictures, the role of semantics, and the sensory gap. Subsequent sections discuss computational steps for image retrieval systems. Step one of the review is image processing for retrieval sorted by color, texture, and local geometry. Features for retrieval are discussed next, sorted by: accumulative and global features, salient points, object and shape features, signs, and structural combinations thereof. Similarity of pictures and objects in pictures is reviewed for each of the feature types, in close connection to the types and means of feedback the user of the systems is capable of giving by interaction. We briefly discuss aspects of system engineering: databases, system architecture, and evaluation. In the concluding section, we present our view on: the driving force of the field, the heritage from computer vision, the influence on computer vision, the role of similarity and of interaction, the need for databases, the problem of evaluation, and the role of the semantic gap. Index TermsDReview, content based, retrieval, semantic gap, sensory gap, narrow domain, broad domain, weak segmentation, accumulative features, salient features, signs, structural features, similarity, semantic interpretation, query space, display space, interactive session, indexing, architecture, evaluation, image databases. ? 1 INTRODUCTION THERE is something about Munchs aThe Screamo or Constables aWivenoe Parko that no words can convey. It has to be seen. The same holds for of a picture o