Nonmonotonic Negativity 東京理科大学非单调性東京理科大学.pptVIP

Non-monotonic Negativity Sumiyo Nishiguchi Osaka University UCLA New Description of  NPI Licensers Non-Upward Entailingness Downward entailing + Non-monotonic contra Ladusaw 1979,1980 expansion from Progovac 1992,1994 Non-monotonic licensers Exclusivity condition license weak NPIs (any, ever) Anti UEness  Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) any, anything, anymore, ever, at all, whatsoever, budge an inch, care to VP, bother V-ing. (1)a. I didn’t realize that he admired her at all. b. *He admired her at all. (Klima 1964:282) (2)a. None of the rivals said anything whatsoever. 　b.　*Some of the rivals said anything whatsoever. (Hoeksema 1986a:35) Varieties of NPI licensers (3) At most: a. At most three women have ever loved him. b. ?At least three women have ever loved him. (4) Every: a. Every student who had ever read anything about phrenology attended the lecture. b. *Some student who had ever read anything about phrenology attended the lecture. (Ladusaw 1980:3) (5) Only: a. Only Bill had ever read anything about phrenology. b. *Even Bill had ever read anything about phrenology. Attempts to capture the common feature of NPI licensers Ladusaw (1979,1980) Linebarger (1980) Zwarts (1993) van der Wouden (1997) Giannakidou (1998) Progovac (1988,1992,1994) von Fintel (1999) Yoshimura (1992) Counterexamples Ladusaw’s DE Theory (Ladusaw 1979, 1980) “A negative-polarity item is acceptable only if it is interpreted in the scope of a downward-entailing expression.” (Ladusaw 1980:13) Every: ↓MON ?TRIGGER (7) a. Every student who had ever read anything on phrenology attended the lecture. b. *Every student who attended the lecture had ever read anything about phrenology. c. Every man walks. → Every father walks. d. 　　Every man walks. ?/→ Every man walks slowly. (ibid.:6)  Problems with DE theory Linebarger 1980; Hoeksema 1986; N