Nuclear Chemistry Clark College核化学克拉克学院.pptVIP

Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity Emission of subatomic particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation by nuclei Such atoms/isotopes said to be radioactive Its discovery Discovered in 1896 by Becquerel Called strange, new emission uranic rays Cuz emitted from uranium Marie Curie hubby discovered two new elements, both of which emitted uranic rays Polonium Radium Uranic rays became radioactivity Types of radioactivity Rutherford and Curie found that emissions produced by nuclei Different types: Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma ray emission Isotopic symbolism Let’s briefly go over it Proton = 11p Neutron = 10n Electron = 0-1e Types of decay: alpha decay Alpha (?) particle: helium-4 bereft of 2e- = 42He Parent nuclide ? daughter nuclide + He-4 23892U ? 23490Th + 42He Daughter nuclide = parent nuclide atomic # minus 2 Sum of atomic #’s mass #’s must be = on both sides of nuclear equation! Alpha decay Has largest ionizing power = ability to ionize molecules atoms due to largeness of ?-particle But has lowest penetrating power = ability to penetrate matter Skin, even air, protect against ?-particle radiation Beta decay Beta (?) particle = e- How does nucleus emit an e-? ? neutron changes into proton emits e- ? 10n ? 11p + 0-1e Daughter nuclide = parent nuclide atomic number plus 1 13755Cs ? 13756Ba + 0-1e- Beta decay Lower ionizing power than alpha particle But higher penetration power Requires sheet of metal or thick piece of wood to arrest penetration ? more damage outside of body, but less in (alpha particle is opposite) Gamma ray emission Electromagnetic radiation High-energy photons 00? No charge, no mass Usually emitted in conjunction with other radiation types Lowest ionizing power, highest penetrating power ? requires several inches lead shielding Problems Write a nuclear equation for each of the following: 1. beta decay in Bk-249 2. alpha decay of Ra-224 Cont. In determining nuclear stability, ratio of neutrons to protons (N/Z) important Notice lower part o