Population Growth and Regulation人口增长与调控.pptVIP

Table 8.3 p. 122 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Population Growth and Regulation BIOL400 31 August 2015 Population Individuals of a single species sharing time and space Ecologists must define limits of populations they study Almost no population is closed to immigration and emigration Exponential Population Growth Equations: Nt = N0ert dN/dt = rN Model terms: r = per-individual rate of change (= b – d) = intrinsic capacity for increase, given the environmental conditions N = population size, at time t e = 2.718 Fig. 8.13 p. 131 Exponential Population Growth Assumptions of the Model: Constant per-capita rate of increase, regardless of how high N gets Continuous breeding Geometric Population Growth Model modified for discrete annual breeding Nt = N0?t ? = er ? is the annual rate of increase in N Example: N0 = 1000, ? = 1.10 N1 = 1100 N2 = 1210 N3 = 1331 N4 = 1464 N5 = 1611 N10 = 2594 N25 = 10,834 N100 = 13,780,612 Q: Can you spot the oversimplification of nature here? Fig. 8.10 p. 129 Fig. 9.1 p. 144 R0 = per-generation multiplicative rate of increase Logistic Population Growth Equations: Nt = K/(1 + ea-rt) K = karrying kapacity of the environment a positions curve relative to origin dN/dt = Nr[(K-N)/K] Assumption: Growth rate will slow as N approaches K Fig. 9.4 p. 146 Table p. 148 As N increases, per-capita rate of increase declines, but the absolute rate of increase always peaks at ? K Data from Populations in the Field Fig. 9.8 p. 150 Cormorants in Lake Huron Low numbers due to toxins Increase is not strongly sigmoid Fig. 9.9 p. 150 Ibex in Switzerland Reintroduced after elimination via hunting Roughly sigmoid (=logistic) but with big decline in 1960s Fig. 9.10 p. 151 Whooping cranes of single remaining wild population 15 in 1941, now over 200 r increased in 1950s Every mid-decade, there is a mini-crash Apparently related to predation cycles Fig. 9.15 p. 154 Cladocerans Predominant lake zooplankton No