Principles of Anatomy and Physiology解剖学和生理学原理.pptVIP

Thyroid gland (d) Posterior view of parathyroid glands PARATHYROID GLAND PARATHYROID GLAND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) promotes release of Ca2+ from bone extracellular matrix into blood and slows loss of Ca2+ in urine, thus increasing blood Ca2+ level. CALCITONIN inhibits osteoclasts, thus decreasing blood Ca2+ level. Low level of Ca2+ in blood stimulates parathyroid gland chief cells to release more PTH. High level of Ca2+ in blood stimulates thyroid gland parafollicular cells to release more CT. 1 3 4 2 CALCITRIOL stimulates increased absorption of Ca2+ from foods, which increases blood Ca2+ level. 6 PTH also stimulates the kidneys to release CALCITRIOL. 5 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from chief cells Chief cell Inferior phrenic arteries Celiac trunk LEFT ADRENAL GLAND Left middle suprarenal artery Left inferior suprarenal artery Left suprarenal vein Left renal artery Left renal vein Right superior suprarenal arteries RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND Right middle suprarenal artery Right inferior suprarenal artery Right renal artery Right renal vein Kidney Adrenal glands Inferior vena cava Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery (a) Anterior view CAPSULE ADRENAL CORTEX ADRENAL MEDULLA (b) Section through left adrenal gland Kidney ADRENAL GLAND (c) Anterior view of adrenal gland and kidney Zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone Capsule (d) Subdivisions of adrenal gland Adrenal cortex: Zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol Zona reticularis secretes androgens Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) 50x LM Dehydration, Na+ deficiency, or hemorrhage Decrease in blood volume Decrease in blood volume Angiotensinogen Increased renin Increased angiotensin I Increased angiotensin II Blood pressure increases until it returns to normal Vasoconstriction of arterioles Increased blood volume Increased K+ in extracellular fluid In kidneys, increased Na+