Program Evaluation An Introduction5th Edition by 方案评价第五版.pptVIP

* Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Theories for Social Work Practice Bruce A. Thyer, Catherine N. Dulmus, and Karen M. Sowers, Editors Chapter 3 Operant Learning Theory by Stephen E. Wong Basic Concepts Operant behavior is current behavior that has been changed by the consequences that have followed it in the past. This is different from respondent behavior (see Chapter 2), which is a function of stimuli which come before the behavior is evoked. Operant behavior can be vastly more complicated than respondent behavior. Operant theory was formally introduced into the social work field in the middle 1960s by individuals such as Edwin J. Thomas and Richard B. Stuart at the University of Michigan. * Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Theories for Social Work Practice Bruce A. Thyer, Catherine N. Dulmus, and Karen M. Sowers, Editors Chapter 3 Operant Learning Theory by Stephen E. Wong Basic Concepts Reinforcement refers to how behavior can be strengthened because of the consequences that have followed it in the past. If a consequence involves the presentation of something, and behavior is later strengthened, this process is called positive reinforcement. Think of getting something good in return for behaving in certain ways. If a consequence involves the removal of something, and behavior is later strengthened, this is called negative reinforcement. Think of experiencing relief, the removal of something unpleasant, in return for behavior in certain ways. Both positive and negative reinforcement are good things. We usually like having our behavior positively or negatively reinforced. * Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Theories for Social Work Practice Bruce A. Thyer, Catherine N. Dulmus and Karen M. Sowers, Editors Chapter 3 Operant Learning Theory by Stephen E. Wong Basic Concepts Punishment refers to how behavior can be weakened because of the consequences that have followed it in the past. If a consequence involv