Solids Eastern Illinois University固体东伊利诺伊大学.pptVIP

Solids Crystal Structure Image Erwin Muller 1911 -- 1977 Field Ion Microscope Field-ionized atoms of the image gas form an image on the phosphor screen Micrograph of Platinum Needle Image formed by ionized gas atoms on a phosphorescent screen Field Ion Microscope Image Single Crystal Tungsten Tip Standing Water Waves Solid Classification Crystalline: composed of crystals, regular 3-dimensional arrays of atoms Metals Salts Most minerals Amorphous: atoms and molecules distributed randomly; no orderly or repetitive arrangement Rubber Glass Plastic X-Ray Determination of Crystal Structure In 1912, used X rays to confirm that crystal is a three-dimensional orderly arrangement X-Ray Diffraction Father/Son Team Nobel Prize 1915 Cambridge Physics Site Crystals each atom or ion vibrates about its own position atoms are tied together by electrical bonding forces Ionic Covalent Metallic Van der Waals Density Units: kg/m3 kg/L g/cm3 Water: 1000 kg/m3 1 kg/L 1 g/cm3 Check Yourself When water freezes, it expands. What does this say about the density of ice compared with the density of water? Ice is less dense than water (because it has more volume for the same mass), which is why ice floats on water. Check Yourself Which weighs more, a liter of ice or a liter of water? Dont say the same! A liter of water weighs more. If it is frozen, then its volume will be more than a liter; chop that part off so its the same size as the original liter, and it certainly weighs less. Check Yourself Which has the greater density—100 kg of lead or 1000 kg of aluminum? Density is a ratio of mass and volume (or weight and volume), and this ratio is greater for any amount of lead than for any amount of aluminum Check Yourself What is the density of 1000 kg of water? The density of any amount of water is 1000 kg/m3 (or 1 g/cm3) What is the volume of 1000 kg of water? The volume of 1000 kg of water is 1 m3 Elasticity Hooke’s Law Check Yourself A 2-kg load is hung from the