THE GROWTH University of California, Berkeley增长加利福尼亚大学伯克利.pptVIP

Muscle GrowthPlasticity Steps in Contraction 1. Discharge of motor-neuron at the myo-neural plate with release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) 2. The binding of Ach to its receptors increases Na+ and K+ conductance, generating an action potential 3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca++, activating the enzyme troponin, which uncovers the myosin binding sites allowing cross-linkages between actin and myosin to form Electrical Phenomena Resting muscle = charged positively Where contraction starts, the charge changes to negative Hence, there is a difference in potential Completely contracted muscle = charged negative As relaxation returns there is a difference in potential and, again, the resting muscle is charged positively in total Electromyography can study these changes The number and type of fibers is dictated by genetic determinants but ……..ALAS!!! Appropriate stimulations may induce an almost complete change Hence….. MYOPLASTICITY Myoplasticity: Concept Ability of the muscle to alter the quantity and the type of its proteins in response to stimulations Modalities of stimulations: 1) Physical activities leading to an increase in its cross-sectional area 2) Increase in the muscular mass with changes in the myosin type Muscle plasticity may involve: Change in the amount of protein Change in the type of protein Combination of both Myoplasticity Due to Exercise Endurance exercise increases the oxidative metabolism of the muscle Resistance training increases the cross-sectional area due to true hypertrophy of the single cells Inactivity induces rapid regression Muscle Fiber Number Virtually Fixed at Birth The increase in mass (hypertrophy, sometimes as much as 50%) is due to increase in length and in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers. This is due to an increase in the number of myofibrils (from 75 to over 1000) The capacity for regeneration and plasticity is a response to neural, hormonal and nutritional differences Gende