神经生物学1概述神经元课件.pptVIP

2. 特征 (characteristics) ? 数量：多, 10～50倍于神经元 ? 突起：无树突(dendrite)和轴突(axon)之分 不形成突触(synapse) ? 缝隙连接 (gap junction)：丰富 ? 膜受体：有多种神经递质受体 ? 膜电位：随[K+]o而改变, 但不产生AP 郑州大学医学院生理学教研室 化学突触 电突触传递 * * * * Types and Functions of Glia Name of Glial Cell Function Astrocyte (Astroglia) Star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons: 1) clean up braindebris; 2) transport nutrients to neurons; 3) hold neurons in place; 4) digest parts of dead neurons; 5) regulate content of extracellular space Microglia Like astrocytes, microglia digest parts of dead neurons. Oligo-dendroglia Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the central nervous system. Satellite Cells Physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Schwann Cells Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral nervous system. * * Blood Brain Barrier Selective permeability to molecules based on their molecular weight and lipid solubility Neuroglia of CNS Microglia Specialized macrophages Oligodendrocytes Form myelin sheaths if surround axon Neuroglia of PNS Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes Wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath Satellite cells Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients * * 1. Neurons have TWO processes called axons and dendrites. Glial cells only have ONE. 2. Neurons CAN generate action potentials. Glial cells CANNOT, however, do have a resting potential. 3. Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters. Glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses. 4. Neurons do NOT continue to divide. Glial cells DO continue to divide. 5. There are many MORE (10-50 times more) glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons. Glia are different from neurons: * * * * 1.支持作用：星状胶质细胞--支架 2.修复和保护作用：(Astroglia) 3.物质代谢和营养性作用： 蛋白质、糖原→血管周足→神经元胞体 4.绝缘和屏障作用： 施万细胞Schwann’s cell, 少突胶质细胞(Oligodendrocyte) 5.维持合适的离子浓度： Astroglia上的钠-钾泵的作用 6.摄取和分泌神经递质： Schwann’s cell可以分泌ACh