认知心理学13课件.pptVIP

语言－言语 语言学 语音学　句法学　语义学　语用学 语言的理解和生成 言语知觉　言语生成错误　句子理解　语段理解　故事语法　交谈 语言与认知 模块假设　沃尔夫假设　神经心理学发现 语言学 语音学 句法学 语义学 异常：咖啡会记笔记 自我矛盾：这只狗不是动物 歧义性：这是包袱 同义反复：你年龄不够＝你还太小 继承性：张三是李四的舅舅：张三是男性 语用学 陈述、祈使、承诺、表现、宣示等 言语知觉 言语是连续的 言语知觉 语音受上下文的影响 言语知觉 语音知觉有一定的概括性：分类。 Lisker and Abramson (1970) 的VOT研究 　　当VOT=+0.03秒时：[ba] 　　当VOT0.03秒时：[pa] 　　同一区间内难以辨别 　　不同区间完全辨别 完全忽略无意义特征？ 言语知觉 Massaro and Cohen (1983) 的研究：视觉线索优于听觉线索。 语音识别 言语知觉 Warren (1970) 等人的研究 It was found that the *eel was on the axle. It was found that the *eel was on the shoe. It was found that the *eel was on the orange. It was found that the *eel was on the table. wheel, heel, peel, meal 言语知觉 Marslen-Wilson and Welsh (1978) 的研究： 　　　cigaresh － cigarette 　　　Still, he wanted to smoke a ______ 言语生成错误 Gerrett (1990) 例句： Sue keeps food in her vesk. [Substitution of v for d] Keep your cotton-pickin hands off my weet speas. [Shift of s] …got a lot of pons and pats to wash. [Exchange of sounds] Well sit around the song and sing fires. [Exchange of words and morphemes] 意义型错误和形状型错误几乎不同时出现 句子理解 Jarvella (1971) 的研究： With this possibility, Taylor left the capital. After he had returned to Manhattan, he explained the offer to his wife. (54%) Taylor did not reach a decision until after he had returned to Manhattan. He explained the offer to his wife. (20%) 储存的是句子的意义表征而不是句子本身 歧义处理 理解句子时几乎不会意识到歧义现象，除了garden path sentences (Garrette, 1990) Fatty weighed 350 pounds of grapes. The cotton shirts are made from comes from Arizona. The horse raced past the barn fell. 歧义处理 Swinney (1979) 的研究 Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several roaches, spiders, and other (bugs/insects)* in the corner of his room. 同时进行的视觉词汇决策任务：spy, ant 都得到启动（延迟3个音节以内）， 仅ant得到启动 （延迟4个音节或以上）。4个音节的时间在750-1000ms之间。 语段理解 Just and Carpenter (1987) 利用眼动仪的研究： 注视时间（250ms）和跳跃时间（10-20ms） immediacy assumption 与 eye-mind hypothesis 影响因素：词的长度、词频、异常情况，实词注视时间长。 Kintsch and Keenan (1973) 发现句子中的命题复杂性越高，阅