Grammar,Speaking.ppt

连词that不能省略的几种情况 在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只起引导功能，无具体意义，不担当任何成份，因此在口语或非正式的文体中常可省略。然而，大凡规则总有例外的情况，在下列that引导的宾语从句中，that则不能省略。 1. 从句的主语是that。如： He says that that is a real king’s hat. 他说那是一个真的王冠。 2. that从句中含有主从复合句。如： I’m afraid that if you’ve lost it, you must pay for it. 3. 主、从句之间有插入语时。如： It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays. 卡片上写着，它是古代演戏用的。 4. 若出现两个或两上以上的由that引导的宾语从句，且由并列连词连接时，只有第一个连词that可以省略。如： She said (that) she would come and that she would also bring her son. 她说她要来，还要带她的儿子来。 These planet will produce food and oxygen that we need to live on Mars. Scientists will develop plants that can grow on Mars. People think that humans on Mars have to wear special boots to make themselves heavier. We all know that Mars is a planet in the solar system. The journey to Mars could take only a very short time in space shuttles that travel at half the speed of light. Some scientists do not believe that the journey to Mars will be very comfortable. Which of the following sentences have an object clause? √ √ √ Ⅰ. if和whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，一般情况下，二者没有区别，可以换用。但if常用于口语中，whether比较正式。如： Millie asked if/whether he liked this sweater. 米莉问他是否喜欢这件毛衣。 The fisherman wants to know if/whether it will rain. 渔民想知道天是否会下雨。 Object clauses with if and whether 由if / whether引导的宾语从句 Ⅱ. if和whether引导宾语从句时，要注意宾语从句三要素，即连词、语序和时态。由于if和whether连接的是一般疑问句，因此要注意把从句语序改为陈述句语序。如： Does Mr Zhao live in Room 208? Could you tell me? →Could you tell me if / whether Mr Zhao lives in Room 208? 其次要注意时态变化： 1. 若主句是一般现在时，从句用任何所需时态。如： He wants to know if / whether they had a good journey home. 他想知道他们回家旅途是否愉快。 2. 若主句是一般过去时，从句则用跟过去相关的时态。即一般现在时变为一般过去时、现在进行时变为过去进行时、一般将来时为过去将来时、现在完成时态变为过去完成时。如： Did the train leave? She didn’t know. →She didn’t know if / whether the train had left. Ⅲ. if和whether的区别 二者在下列几种情况下不能换用： 1. 宾语从句置于句首表示强调时，应用whether，不用if。如： Whether this is true or not, I can’t say. 这是否对，我不能说。 2. 宾语从句与or not直接连用时，应用whether，不能用if