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Effects of humidity during formation of zinc oxide electron contact layers from a diethylzinc precursor solution.pdf

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Effects of humidity during formation of zinc oxide electron contact layers from a diethylzinc precursor solution.pdf

Organic Electronics 31 (2016) 63e70 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Organic Electronics journal homepage: /locate/orgel Effects of humidity during formation of zinc oxide electron contact layers from a diethylzinc precursor solution Scott A. Mauger a, K. Xerxes Steirer b, Jonas Boe a, c, d, David P. Ostrowski c, Dana C. Olson a, Scott R. Hammond e, * a Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA b Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA c Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA d Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany e SolarWindow Technologies, Inc., Columbia, MD, USA article info Article history: Received 20 July 2015 Received in revised form 23 December 2015 Accepted 8 January 2016 Available online 19 January 2016 Keywords: Organic photovoltaics Zinc oxide Processing Humidity Contact layer abstract This work focuses on the role of humidity in the formation of ZnO thin ?lms from a reactive diethylzinc precursor solution for use as the electron contact layer (ECL) in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. This method is well suited for ?exible devices because the ?lms are annealed at 120 C, making the process compatible with polymer substrates. ZnO ?lms were prepared by spin coating and annealing at different relative humidity (RH) levels. It is found that RH during coating and annealing affects the chemical and physical properties of the ZnO ?lms. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it is found that increasing RH during the formation steps produces a more stoichiometric oxide and a higher Zn/O ratio. Spectroscopic ellipsometry data shows a small decrease in the optical band gap with increased humidity, consistent with a more stoichiometric oxide. Kelvin probe measurements show that increased RH during formation results in a larger work function (i.e. further from vacuum). Consistent with these data, but counter to what m