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Quantifying street tree regulating ecosystem services using Google Street View.pdf

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Quantifying street tree regulating ecosystem services using Google Street View.pdf

Ecological Indicators 77 (2017) 31–40 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Indicators journal homepage: /locate/ecolind Original Articles Quantifying street tree regulating ecosystem services using Google Street View Daniel R. Richards ?, Peter J. Edwards ETH Zurich, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore article info Article history: Received 22 July 2016 Received in revised form 24 January 2017 Accepted 24 January 2017 Keywords: Canopy photograph Shading Thermal comfort Urban heat island abstract The urban heat island is a particular challenge for tropical cities, which receive year-round high inputs of solar radiation. Plants can help mitigate elevated urban temperatures by providing shade and increasing evaporative cooling, although the resulting increase in humidity may negatively affect thermal comfort. Street trees offer particular potential for cooling urban microclimates, as well as providing other ecosystem services, because they can be integrated within dense urban street networks. However, we have little quantitative information about the role of street trees in providing regulating ecosystem services in tropical cities. In this study, we analysed hemispherical photographs extracted from Google Street View to quantify the proportion of green canopy coverage at 50 m intervals across more than 80% of Singapore’s road network. Canopy coverage data were then used to estimate the proportion of annual radiation that would be blocked from reaching ground level by the canopy. Across all locations, a median of 13% of the annual diffuse and direct solar radiation was shaded, and over 70% of this shading effect was due to the tree canopy. There was signi?cant variation between different urban landuse types, with trees providing more shade in parks and low-density low-rise areas than in industrial and higher-density residential areas. Mapping the provision of street tree ecosystem services could help to prioritise areas for new pla