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Spatial updating according to a fixed reference direction of a briefly viewed layout.pdf

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Spatial updating according to a fixed reference direction of a briefly viewed layout.pdf

Cognition 119 (2011) 419–429 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cognition journal homepage: /locate/COGNIT Spatial updating according to a ?xed reference direction of a brie?y viewed layout Hui Zhang a, Weimin Mou a,b,?, Timothy P. McNamara c a Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China b University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 c Vanderbilt University, United States article info Article history: Received 12 November 2009 Revised 22 December 2010 Accepted 4 February 2011 Keywords: Spatial updating Spatial memory Position change detection Locomotion Spatial reference Direction Scene recognition abstract Three experiments examined the role of reference directions in spatial updating. Participants brie?y viewed an array of ?ve objects. A non-egocentric reference direction was primed by placing a stick under two objects in the array at the time of learning. After a short interval, participants detected which object had been moved at a novel view that was caused by table rotation or by their own locomotion. The stick was removed at test. The results showed that detection of position change was better when an object not on the stick was moved than when an object on the stick was moved. Furthermore change detection was better in the observer locomotion condition than in the table rotation condition only when an object on the stick was moved but not when an object not on the stick was moved. These results indicated that when the reference direction was not accurately indicated in the test scene, detection of position change was impaired but this impairment was less in the observer locomotion condition. These results suggest that people not only represent objects’ locations with respect to a ?xed reference direction but also represent and update their orientation according to the same reference direction, which can be used to recover the accurate reference direction and facilitate detection of position change when no accurate reference direction