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Study of metal release from stainless steels in simulated food contact by means of total reflection X-ray fluorescence.pdf

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Study of metal release from stainless steels in simulated food contact by means of total reflection X-ray fluorescence.pdf

Journal of Food Engineering 173 (2016) 85e91 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Food Engineering journal homepage: /locate/jfoodeng Study of metal release from stainless steels in simulated food contact by means of total re?ection X-ray ?uorescence R. Dalipi a, L. Borgese a, *, A. Casaroli b, M. Boniardi b, U. Fittschen c, K. Tsuji d, L.E. Depero a a University of Brescia, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy b Department of Mechanical, Polytechnic of Milan, Via La Masa 1, 20156, Milan, Italy c Washington State University, Chemistry Department, Pullman, WA, 99164-4630, USA d Osaka City University, Graduate School of Engineering, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan article info Article history: Received 31 May 2015 Received in revised form 27 October 2015 Accepted 28 October 2015 Available online 2 November 2015 Keywords: Stainless steel TXRF Food contact Release test Metals abstract This study shows a reliable procedure to prescribe the preferential use of a material for food contact. Release tests with optimized parameters were performed on six different stainless steel accepted for the use in food contact: AISI 420, AISI 430, AISI 202, AISI 303, AISI 304, and AISI 316. Total re?ection X-ray ?uorescence spectroscopy was used to measure the concentration of Cr, Mn and Ni in contact solutions from release tests. Results show that AISI 202 and 430 release the lowest amount of Mn, Cr and Ni. While, AISI 420 is the worst material, exceeding the limit set in the Italian regulation for all the three metals of interest. One sample was selected to test the reproducibility of TXRF measurements performed in three different laboratories around the world. Results show that quantitative analyses by means of TXRF satisfy the requirements of this ?eld of application. ? 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The release of metals from materials used in food contact is an interesting ?el