经济学的思维方式1.pptVIP

* of 35 Biases or Conclusions We are always wrong to some extent. Every “true” statement leaves out a great deal that is also true and thus errs by omission. * of 35 No Theory Means Poor Theory Discovery of causal relationships depends upon theory. We observe only a small fraction of what we “know.” * of 35 No Theory Means Poor Theory Economic theory by itself cannot answer any interesting or important social questions. It must be supplemented with knowledge from other sources History Culture Politics Psychology Social Institutions * of 35 Once Over Lightly Economics is a theory of choice and its unintended consequences. All social phenomena emerge from Individuals’ actions and interactions In response to expected benefits and costs * of 35 Once Over Lightly Economizing Individuals continually comparing Expected additional benefits Expected additional costs Rules of the game are important as they influence our choices Property Rights * of 35 END OF CHAPTER 1 ? 2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing The Economic Way of Thinking, 11/e Heyne/Boettke/Prychitko ? 2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing The Economic Way of Thinking, 11/e Heyne/Boettke/Prychitko “The Economic Way of Thinking” 11th Edition Chapter 1 The Economic Way of Thinking * of 35 Chapter 1 Outline Introduction Recognizing Order The Importance of Social Cooperation How Does it Happen An Apparatus of the Mind * of 35 Chapter 1 Outline Cooperation Through Mutual Adjustment Rules of the Game Property Rights as Rules of the Game The Biases of Economic Theory Biases or Conclusions? No Theory Means Poor Theory * of 35 Introduction Is order prevalent in society? How does an economic system work when it is functioning properly? What mechanisms of social cooperation do we depend upon? * of 35 Recognizing Order Rush hour traffic is an example of social cooperation. There are general rules that everyone is expected to obey. We tend to notice failures. We take succe